Modern C++ has many additions compared to the original C++ standard. Regarding virtual overrides, C++11 tends to tighten the rules, to detect some problems that often arise. To achieve this goal C++11 introduces two new contextual keywords, the final and the override specifiers. The override specifier is used to redefine the base class function in a derived class with the same signature i.e. return type and parameters. This override specifier is used with the C++ compiler that has C++11 and the other higher C++ standards. In this post, we explain an override specifier in modern C++.
What Is the override specifier in C++?
The override specifier (keyword) is used to redefine the base class function in a derived class with the same signature i.e. return type and parameters. In other words, it specifies that a method overrides a virtual method declared in one of its parent classes. Regarding virtual overrides, C++11 tends to tighten the rules, to detect some problems that often arise.
To achieve this goal C++11 introduces two new contextual keywords:
- Final specifies that a method cannot be overridden, or a class cannot be derived.
- Override specifies that a method overrides a virtual method declared in one of its parent classes.
The override specifier generally has two purposes,
- It shows that a given virtual method is overriding a virtual method of the base class.
- It indicates to the compiler that you are not adding or altering new methods that you think are overrides, and the compiler knows that is an override.
In this post, we explain how to use the override specifier in C++.
How to use the override specifier in C++?
The override specifier is used to designate member functions that override a virtual function in a base class.
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function_declaration override; |
and, here is an example:
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class Tbase { virtual void a(); }; class Tx : Tbase { void a() override; }; |
Is there a simple example to explicit virtual override specifier in C++ ?
Here is a simple class example about override and final specifiers that you can override a method of it.
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#include <iostream> class Tbase { virtual void a(); void b(); virtual void c() final; virtual void d(); }; class Tx : Tbase { void a() override; // correct // void b() override; // error, an override can only be used for virtual functions // void c() override; // error, cannot override a function marked as final // int d() override; // error, different return type }; int main() { class Tx o1; } |
Here is a simple struct example about override and final specifiers that you can override a method of it.
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#include <iostream> struct st_base { virtual void a(); void b(); virtual void c() final; virtual void d(); }; struct st_x : st_base { void a() override; // correct // void b() override; // error, an override can only be used for virtual functions // void c() override; // error, cannot override a function marked as final // int d() override; // error, different return type }; int main() { struct st_x x; } |
In both examples above, we commented out the lines that will cause errors, you can check errors by removing the // at the start of the comment lines.
For more information on this feature, see Explicit virtual overrides Proposal document.
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